Theme Of Love In Jane Eyre - 957 Words

In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « underlines two opposing paths through different love interests for Jane. During the exploration of paths set out before Jane, she finds herself at a crossroad between a life of duty and a life of passion. A man born into a wealthy family of high rank shows a path of passion. Contrasting this is a strict clergyman, shows a path of duty. It is through different manners, however, St. John Rivers and Edward Rochester both have sought to cultivate and nurture the similar value of intelligence they both share with Jane. Although both characters shaped Jane Eyre’s life in some way or another, St. John Rivers’ icy exterior helps the reader to better appreciate Edward Rochester’s fiery sense of humanity. In the†¦show more content†¦He does not act human. She is seemingly frustrated by his lack of emotion towards her when she says â€Å"I am your kinswoman, I should desire somewhat more of affection than sort of general philanth ropy you extend to mere strangers† (511). He treats her no different from someone he would bypass on the street. One could say Rivers is blinded by his Christianity, thus leading him towards failure to see Jane as a romantic partner, and instead more of a co-worker. He sees her a someone to help him in his missionary work in India while ignoring her passions. He is straightforward in his speech, all the while omitting anything remotely sensual in his language. The reader could see a lack of compassion for the people he is supposedly helping, especially Jane, through his dialogue. Additionally, Rochester views marriage as an act of love and passion. He is often guided by his senses and not his rational mind. This is where he and Rivers contrast in morals. Brontà « depicts Rochester as ultimately choosing a life of feelings over a life of logic. Rochester recognizes his love for Jane when he says â€Å"There is not another being in the world that has the same pure love for me as yourself – for I lay that pleasant unction of my soul, Jane, a belief of your affection† (348), as she is the only person he admires and is fond of. He does not propose to Jane out of convenience as Rivers does. He proposes because he believes Jane completesShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Love In Jane Eyre957 Words   |  4 PagesTwo opposing loves in Jane Eyre In  Jane Eyre, Charlotte  Brontà «Ã‚  underlines two opposing paths through different love interests for Jane.  Ã‚  During  the exploration of  paths set out before Jane, she finds herself at a crossroad between a life of duty and a life of passion. A man born into a wealthy family of high rank shows a path of passion. Contrasting this is a strict  clergyman, shows a path of duty. It is through different manners, however, St. John Rivers and Edward Rochester both have sought toRead MoreJane Eyre vs Wide Sargasso Sea Essay example1635 Words   |  7 Pages2014 Symbolism through Theme Of Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea â€Å"To produce a mighty book, you must choose a mighty theme. No great and enduring volume can ever be written on the flea, though many there be that have tried it,† stated Herman Melville. As implied, without theme, no novel can be considered â€Å"mighty† or have any depth. Theme is essential in any work of art. Jane Eyre is a novel by Charlotte Brontà « that takes the reader through the experiences of Jane Eyre, from childhood to adulthoodRead MoreCharlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre984 Words   |  4 PagesCharlotte Brontà « wrote Jane Eyre. The novel is a highly fascinating piece of gothic literature based during the nineteenth century. The story unfolds around a young Jane Eyre who grows both in character and body. She experiences love and mystery. She, through many trials, finds a true, wholesome, and godly relationship with the main male protagonist, Mr. Rochester. Jane Eyre occurs during the early nineteenth century in northern Britain. It takes place in multiple locations: â€Å"the Reed family’sRead MoreSummary Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1607 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Bronte s novel Jane Eyre embraces many views in opposition to the Victorian gender limitations. Ultimately, the reader can see the author develops a variety of characters who not only represent but also challenge the established gender norms existing in the 1800s. Feminists like Charlotte Bronte, fight for equality emotionally, mentally, financially, and physically. When Charlotte was 5 her mother passed away, and therefore the loss of a mother became the theme in her books. Then at ageRead MoreTrapped in the Red Room: A Look into the Mind of the Original Mrs. Rochester1399 Words   |  6 PagesRed Room: A Look into the Mind of the Original Mrs. Rochester â€Å"One is very crazy when in love† (Freud). Freud made this statement nearly one hundred years ago. As one of the founders of modern psychology what would he have to say about the mad woman in the attic? Was she mad, in love, suffering from hysteria, or simply a product of nature versus nurture? Neither of which were very kind to her. In Jane Eyre we as the readers are presented with a singular perspective in nearly true to form autobiographicalRead MoreEquality Within Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1673 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Bronte s novel Jane Eyre embraces many views in opposition to the Victorian gender limitations. Ultimately, the reader can see the author develops a variety of characters who not only represent but also challenge the established gender norms existing in the 1800s. Feminists like Charlotte Bronte, fight for equality emotionally, mentally, financially, and physically. When Charlotte was 5 her mother passed away, and therefore the loss of a mother became the theme in her books. Then at ageRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Jane Eyre1378 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Beckis English 3, Period C 5 December 2015 Literary Criticism Essay In her book Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « writes of a fictional tale in which the protagonist, Jane Eyre, overcomes many obstacles, such as dishonesty and social class, in order to marry her love: Mr. Rochester. The Victorian Era is characterized by the great inequality between men and women in terms of societal standing. As a result, Jane is a victim of this ‘norm’ and is directly affected when she is kept in the dark aboutRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1552 Words   |  7 PagesBrontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre deals with a young orphan girl who lives a very repugnant life; the transition from her childhood to adulthood makes the reader effectively understand the character’s struggles and accomplishments. When reading this novel, a reader’s imagination can travel back to the Victorian age in England, where everything was differentiated between the men and women of this time era. This can aid readers to get a prominent picture of the life of the main character, Jane. Jane Eyre portraysRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1554 Words   |  7 PagesBrontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre deals with a young orphan girl who lives a very repugnant life; the transition from her childhood to adulthood makes the reader effectively understand the character’s struggles and accomplishments. When reading this novel, a reader’s imagination can travel back to the Victorian age in England, where everything was differentiated between the men and women of this time era. This can aid readers to get a prominent picture of the life of the main character, Jane. Jane Eyre portraysRead MoreThe Search for Love in Jane Eyre Essay528 Words   |  3 PagesThe Search for Love in Jane Eyre A constant theme throughout Jane Eyre is the search for love. Although this could be shown through many of the novels key characters, it can most readily be shown in the experiences of Jane Eyre herself. The novel begins with her searching for love and it finally ends with her finding it, for good, in Mr. Rochester. At the novels opening, Jane is living with the cruel Mrs. Reed and her horrid three children, Eliza, Georgiana, and John. Mrs. Reed makes Theme Of Love In Jane Eyre - 957 Words Two opposing loves in Jane Eyre In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « underlines two opposing paths through different love interests for Jane. During the exploration of paths set out before Jane, she finds herself at a crossroad between a life of duty and a life of passion. A man born into a wealthy family of high rank shows a path of passion. Contrasting this is a strict clergyman, shows a path of duty. It is through different manners, however, St. John Rivers and Edward Rochester both have sought to cultivate and nurture the similar value of intelligence they both share with Jane. Although both characters shaped Jane Eyre’s life in some way or another, St. John Rivers’ icy exterior helps the reader to better appreciate Edward Rochester’s†¦show more content†¦He does not act human. She is seemingly frustrated by his lack of emotion towards her when she says â€Å"I am your kinswoman, I should desire somewhat more of affection than sort of general philanthropy you extend to mere stranger s† (511). He treats her no different from someone he would bypass on the street. One could say Rivers is blinded by his Christianity, thus leading him towards failure to see Jane as a romantic partner, and instead more of a co-worker. He sees her a someone to help him in his missionary work in India while ignoring her passions. He is straightforward in his speech, all the while omitting anything remotely sensual in his language. The reader could see a lack of compassion for the people he is supposedly helping, especially Jane, through his dialogue. Additionally, Rochester views marriage as an act of love and passion. He is often guided by his senses and not his rational mind. This is where he and Rivers contrast in morals. Brontà « depicts Rochester as ultimately choosing a life of feelings over a life of logic. Rochester recognizes his love for Jane when he says â€Å"There is not another being in the world that has the same pure love for me as yourself – for I lay that pleasant unction of my soul, Jane, a belief of your affection† (348), as she is the only person he admires and is fond of. He does not propose to Jane out of convenience as Rivers does. He proposes because heShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Love In Jane Eyre957 Words   |  4 PagesIn  Jane Eyre, Charlotte  Brontà «Ã‚  underlines two opposing paths through different love interests for Jane.  Ã‚  During  the exploration of  paths set out before Jane, she finds herself at a crossroad between a life of duty and a life of passion. A man born into a wealthy family of high rank shows a path of passion. Contrasting this is a strict  clergyman, shows a path of duty. It is through different manners, however, St. John Rivers and Edward Rochester both have sought to cultivate and nurture the similarRead MoreJane Eyre vs Wide Sargasso Sea Essay example1635 Words   |  7 Pages2014 Symbolism through Theme Of Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea â€Å"To produce a mighty book, you must choose a mighty theme. No great and enduring volume can ever be written on the flea, though many there be that have tried it,† stated Herman Melville. As implied, without theme, no novel can be considered â€Å"mighty† or have any depth. Theme is essential in any work of art. Jane Eyre is a novel by Charlotte Brontà « that takes the reader through the experiences of Jane Eyre, from childhood to adulthoodRead MoreCharlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre984 Words   |  4 PagesCharlotte Brontà « wrote Jane Eyre. The novel is a highly fascinating piece of gothic literature based during the nineteenth century. The story unfolds around a young Jane Eyre who grows both in character and body. She experiences love and mystery. She, through many trials, finds a true, wholesome, and godly relationship with the main male protagonist, Mr. Rochester. Jane Eyre occurs during the early nineteenth century in northern Britain. It takes place in multiple locations: â€Å"the Reed family’sRead MoreSummary Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1607 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Bronte s novel Jane Eyre embraces many views in opposition to the Victorian gender limitations. Ultimately, the reader can see the author develops a variety of characters who not only represent but also challenge the established gender norms existing in the 1800s. Feminists like Charlotte Bronte, fight for equality emotionally, mentally, financially, and physically. When Charlotte was 5 her mother passed away, and therefore the loss of a mother became the theme in her books. Then at ageRead MoreTrapped in the Red Room: A Look into the Mind of the Original Mrs. Rochester1399 Words   |  6 PagesRed Room: A Look into the Mind of the Original Mrs. Rochester â€Å"One is very crazy when in love† (Freud). Freud made this statement nearly one hundred years ago. As one of the founders of modern psychology what would he have to say about the mad woman in the attic? Was she mad, in love, suffering from hysteria, or simply a product of nature versus nurture? Neither of which were very kind to her. In Jane Eyre we as the readers are presented with a singular perspective in nearly true to form autobiographicalRead MoreEquality Within Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1673 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Bronte s novel Jane Eyre embraces many views in opposition to the Victorian gender limitations. Ultimately, the reader can see the author develops a variety of characters who not only represent but also challenge the established gender norms existing in the 1800s. Feminists like Charlotte Bronte, fight for equality emotionally, mentally, financially, and physically. When Charlotte was 5 her mother passed away, and therefore the loss of a mother became the theme in her books. Then at ageRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Jane Eyre1378 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Beckis English 3, Period C 5 December 2015 Literary Criticism Essay In her book Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « writes of a fictional tale in which the protagonist, Jane Eyre, overcomes many obstacles, such as dishonesty and social class, in order to marry her love: Mr. Rochester. The Victorian Era is characterized by the great inequality between men and women in terms of societal standing. As a result, Jane is a victim of this ‘norm’ and is directly affected when she is kept in the dark aboutRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1552 Words   |  7 PagesBrontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre deals with a young orphan girl who lives a very repugnant life; the transition from her childhood to adulthood makes the reader effectively understand the character’s struggles and accomplishments. When reading this novel, a reader’s imagination can travel back to the Victorian age in England, where everything was differentiated between the men and women of this time era. This can aid readers to get a prominent picture of the life of the main character, Jane. Jane Eyre portraysRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1554 Words   |  7 PagesBrontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre deals with a young orphan girl who lives a very repugnant life; the transition from her childhood to adulthood makes the reader effectively understand the character’s struggles and accomplishments. When reading this novel, a reader’s imagination can travel back to the Victorian age in England, where everything was differentiated between the men and women of this time era. This can aid readers to get a prominent picture of the life of the main character, Jane. Jane Eyre portraysRead MoreThe Search for Love in Jane Eyre Essay528 Words   |  3 PagesThe Search for Love in Jane Eyre A constant theme throughout Jane Eyre is the search for love. Although this could be shown through many of the novels key characters, it can most readily be shown in the experiences of Jane Eyre herself. The novel begins with her searching for love and it finally ends with her finding it, for good, in Mr. Rochester. At the novels opening, Jane is living with the cruel Mrs. Reed and her horrid three children, Eliza, Georgiana, and John. Mrs. Reed makes

Critique of Picasso at the Lapin Agile Free Essays

Mr.. Vase Critique of Picasso at the Lapin Agile Written by Steve Martin and directed by Brine Lang, Picasso at the Lapin Agile is a play located at the Lapin Agile, in Paris. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique of Picasso at the Lapin Agile or any similar topic only for you Order Now Albert Einstein and Pablo Picasso, both young, headstrong and passionate, come together in a fictitious meeting devised in the comic mind of Steve Martin. It’s bohemian Paris, at the turn of the century and everything has fallen quiet to listen to a conversation of exquisite topics. Does art matter? Can science touch the heart? Is beauty truly in the eye of the beholder? Did Einstein and Picasso really only excel in their chosen fields in order to get girls? With a little help from a mysterious, visitor from the future (based on order of appearance) these topics get debated in one of the best possible environments, the bar of the â€Å"scurrying rabbit†. Steve Martins sense of humor is very immense in size, based on the bars name. By calling it the Lapin Agile (meaning scurrying rabbit) Martin is foreshadowing an unattainable theme to his play. He has a great sense of humor by calling it this and is very organized throughout the play, by placing hints all throughout the play, about he message of his play. Freddy is the bar tender of the Lapin Agile and is set on stage directions. When Einstein walks in, he realizes something was off and he points out later that, â€Å"In order of appearance. You’re not third. You’re fourth (11)†. By breaking that third wall between the audience and the play, Martin makes a very humorous act and allows one of his characters to use the play pamphlet to site the location of the casts’ order of appearance. With his successful attempt to achieve humor by breaking the wall between the audience and the actors, Martin can be understood to be triumphant at his attempts to create humor. Then, after Freddy citation to the cast in order of appearance, that wall between the actors and audience is set back in place. This is some funny stuff. When Einstein walked in, he spoke of meeting a woman, but he never told her the place where they were going to meet. This was Einstein theory that everything happens as an accident and that if something is bound to happen, it will no matter the place or the time. I happen to disagree with the statement because of the face that the world is big and time passes no matter what we are doing. It’s hard to Just run into someone who you want to meet, without having a plan first. People these days are busy and they are not always where we think we are. As the play progresses, Germane, a waitress and Freddy girlfriend, speaks about two pieces of work being of the same value. This is a great point that Martin brings forth in his play. But expressing his feelings about how two pieces of work can be seen as one, it makes me thing of two things that are similar in genera, but different in style. I could only think of music. There are many different love songs out their and they are all pertaining to different kinds of people. But on the other hand, you have many songs that are popular. Is it popularity that is the decision maker in our minds or is it something else? This question is something martin brings forth a lot. Martin has a way of telling Jokes that I have never heard before. When the part comes about the foretelling of the future, Freddy and Germane predict some futuristic creations that they believe to lay ahead. Germane makes some precise predictions that have come true, but the people around her make fun of her and tell her that her thoughts are not real. On the other hand, Freddy makes some predictions such as cloths being made of wax and the French being the almighty rower of Europe, and he is seen as the sane one. Martin is trying to point out that no matter how crazy the idea, it might come true because Germany’s theory was seen as a crazy one, yet it came true. It makes me thing of what out future will hold!!! Will there be a possibility of Jet pack and robotic houses that clean them selves? Germany’s ideas were crazy for her time and mine are the same, one never knows if their futuristic predictions will come true. Not only is martin good at making Jokes, he is good at conveying theories, through pieces of work that one would never believe had a deeper meaning than the surface crust. When Einstein and Picasso are having an argument between them about science and say they don’t have the same meaning, martin is trying to express his feelings by say that both science and art are connected directly. You have to be an artist to be able to think of the vast universe and there is a science behind drawing a face. It’s hard to believe that if you’re good at science then you should be good at art as well and vice-a-versa. I still can’t color for s*% even though I am good at science, I don’t know how that works out! Later on in the play, Freddy tells a Joke that no one understands. Einstein tryst to interpret the Joke using, his talented scientific thinking, to the others, but many people still chose to choose their thoughts about it. This brings to me another idea that martin is trying to convey. He is saying that surrealism is interpreted differently to different people and no one answer is correct to a complex surreal question. It’s based on the persons understanding to the concept and past experience with the topic on hand. So to me the Joke doesn’t make any sense and I would replace the letter â€Å"e† with the letter â€Å"O† because pies are supposed to be circular and BIG. Later Freddy and Einstein have a debate about an â€Å"icebox† laughter. Based on their discussion, a laugh can happen at anytime. It could be that one didn’t understand the Joke or moment and decided that it wasn’t funny. Then later on, that person laughs about the topic and sometimes it happens without thought and wonder what it is you were laughing about. That has happens to me a lot of times. Later on in the play, another very funny aspect to martins play is his perception of Picasso as being a womanlier. Germany’s assessment of the word womanlier very well fits Picasso’ character. Being a profound painter of the twentieth century, Picasso has his hands on many women, of different characteristics. He can have as many as he wants, whenever he wants, which is why Germany’s remark of Picasso as being a womanlier is a correct one. I would have said that he is the kind of guy who can be described by the phrase, â€Å"hit-it-and-quit-it†. This man, is one of those who takes women for granted and will do one when he wants, Just to satisfy his lust and will forget about her the next day. What a guy. In my opinion, women should be cherished. They are better to deal with when they’re happy, which meaner you have to do less work to please them and they will make you happy as well. On the other hand, if one is to take advantage of women, then they will lose their trust and may lose them forever. That is something that I would never want to happen. As the play continues martin introduces many new ideas of his, one being the idea of how beautiful love is. Picasso says he â€Å"would give it all up if [he] could sing songs about love. No more paints or more brushes†¦ Just the moonlight, the June light, and you† (66). By being able to sing, people have the ability to touch your souls. They sing a song that are related to the public and that’s how they touch people. Another season why Picasso might want to become a singer, if he could, is because it makes people dance, enjoy them selves, and sing to the beat. Best of all, it captures a lot more attention than paintings and more people can relate to song, rather than paintings. A moment of perfection is something that everyone wants to feel, a time when everything feels like its perfect and that nothing can make you feel bad. Picasso had his moment of perfection, when he saw the painting that was revealed by the visitor. The painting made him have a moment of perfection, where nothing else mattered but the painting. Hard to know when its happened till its over† (72). Moments of perfection are times when you feel like you would do anything to stay and be with the person you’re with or to continue a special task of yours, will it satisfies your mind. At the end of the play they are all giving a toast to the new century and Germane stays with Freddy. It’s funny how martin leaves Germane with Freddy and doesn’t hook her up with Picasso. I guess he is trying to convey the way we should treat women again. He first states this in Germany’s comment of Picasso as being a womanlier. By leaving Freddy and Germane together, martin is conveying the Hough that you don’t have to be a rich famous person to be with someone, you Just have to be gentle and considerate. He also tries to get across the thought that we shouldn’t treat women any different than we treat ourselves. WOW, what a message! Only a guy like Steve Martin would be able to present such a complex misunderstanding in real terms, with a comical piece of literature. For a guy who used to make a living with fake arrows through his head, a great play. The complex idea within the simple short play is a great way to catch the publics’ eyes and attention. Great Job STEVE! How to cite Critique of Picasso at the Lapin Agile, Papers

Business - Society and the Planet Nike

Question: Write about theBusiness, Society and the Planet for Nike. Answer: Companies Description The two companies shall be Nike and Coca-cola Australia. Nike is a company founded by Philip Knight, a University of Oregon track athlete and Bowerman William in 1964. The firm operated as a distributor for Onitsuka Tiger, a Japanese shoemaker before opening up its business. The firm serves as the largest seller of athletic footwear and apparels in the world with outlets in several countries across the world (Nike, 2015). The firms headquarter in Oregon in the United States. The firm enters into contracts with different shops worldwide with 45 offices in the world while managing factories in Indonesia, China, Pakistan, and India among other nations world (Nike, 2015). Besides, the firm has a long history of its operations where the cries on child labor and a poor environment in its factories gave the path towards social responsibility activities of the firm. The issues led to the establishment of the code of conduct to stop the negative brand image created by their products and firm (Flammer, 2015). The core vision of the firm through its corporate social responsibility is to bring people, planets, and profits into balance for lasting success. Nike is an international firm with a local presence that deals with the production and sale of shoes and other sports apparels. The firm engages in efforts towards minimizing environmental footprint by focusing on energy, water, and proper waste disposal in its supply chain and enhance sustainable use (Korschun, Bhattacharya Swain, 2014). On the other hand, it strives to transform its manufacturing plant to include new technology that produces little or reduced harm to the environment and entering into a partnership with factories that meet the required environmental status of the society world (Nike, 2015). In responding to the human potential, the firm aims to encourage and invest in economic empowerment to individuals in areas of operation. The firm has several activities that it focuses on in its social responsibility efforts. For instance, the firm acts positively within its production to minimize the impacts of the ingredients used in production by encouraging product recycling. Besides, as a firm in the production department, the social responsibilities provide evidence towards climate stability as the firm engages in policies and advocacy programs aimed at reducing the effects it causes through the factory emissions to the environment world (Nike, 2015). Moreover, the firm uses a lot of water in production, and in this case, acts positively towards cleaning its water after use and discharging clean water to communities. In this respect, the firm engages in cleaning activities and efforts to preserve their water sources through direct funding and tree planting activities along water catchment areas world (Nike, 2015). To the communities, the firm strives to create a sustainable value chain that meets the needs of the people in the society. In this respect, the firm carries out activities related to promotion of education to counter the earlier negative image on its use of child labor. In this respect, it challenges and empowers athletes to join its efforts towards sustainable living. On the other hand, Coca-cola is a multinational company operating in Australia and other several countries, but the plant in Australia remains socially responsible to the environment as it engages in several activities that promote the same. Besides, the firm has a well-documented report that it releases on a two-year basis concerning the corporate social responsibilities it does to the people (Coca-Cola, 2017). The firm contributes immensely to the socio-economic development of the locals by identifying the firm in several ongoing games where they act as sponsors to the main events and contribute towards the sustainability of individuals through health promotion exercises among individuals (Snider, Hill Martin, 2003). Therefore, the firm focuses mostly on the social aspect of giving by assisting the people in the areas of operation through different activities. The activities include participation in schools building, purchase of bicycles for the needy students, and empowering women in business by funding and opening up shops for them to do business and prosper economically (Coca-Cola, 2017). At the same time, the firm, being in the food and beverage division participates in activities that promote the conservation of water and other resources that act positively to the environment sustainability. In this respect, the company covers diverse aspects of the economy by building the society through empowering individuals and participating in social activities such as games to promote the social dimensions of the society (Coca-Cola, 2017). Funding and promoting education goes in line with social giving as the firm empowers individuals from the low social classes and uplifts their ability to reach schools by donating bicycles to them and in the process promotes their health through exercising as they cycle daily to school and back home. The social report for the firm satisfies a certain percentage of responsibility that the firm engages in based on the sector it is involved. Differences Between the Companies The firms have differing social responsibilities to the society depending on the sector of operation and the effect the business causes to individuals living in the areas of operation. Therefore, the issues tackled in the society differ according to the industry that the two firms are involved in. In the case of Nike, the firm spends its efforts in the creation of proper working environment and employs the people living in the areas of development to in-cooperate them in the daily activities of the firm. The act responds positively to the attribute of social benefits by having the locals work in diverse sectors of the firm depending on their level of qualification for a particular task (Servaes, Tamayo, 2013). Altogether, they answer the challenges in its previous case of child employment in factories by the contractors thus the need to clean its image. The firm concentrates on environmental upgrade as its core business revolves around production that significantly uses part of the resources such as water from the environment. In this respect, the business has to work on the issues of production through research and development towards the use of technology in production for sustainable living (Kleine, 2014). Besides, the firm supports education ventures to the people residing nearby by building schools and supporting students to the higher levels of study and further have them absorbed into the production in the firm through employment (Nike 2015). Environmental issues such as pollution emanating from their working environments affect the air quality as well as the water quality of individuals. In this case, it protects the employees working within their environment by providing all the required gadgets to prevent workplace injuries and health related issues. On the other hand, Coca-cola is a firm that concentrates on the food and beverage sector with significant differences and impacts to the people in the environment where they work. The firm bases its corporate social responsibilities towards activities that promote its market presence and brand recognition (Saeidi, Sofian, Saeidi, Saeidi, Saaeidi, 2015). Apart from the little pollution effect in the environment through the processing plant, the firm has no other environmental effect that calls for social responsibility. In this respect, the company participates in events that promote social being such as games and in the process benefits from brand recognition in the process of discharging its social responsibility (Coca-Cola, 2017). Besides, it differs with the other company in the social responsibility expressed through its activity of offering bicycles to the students for educational purposes. Therefore, the main differences between the two companies revolve around the fact that one base on the activities that promote its market while the other focuses on the aspects that align its operations to good practice in the society and specifically to the environment. Explanation for the Differences The differences in the two companies can be explained by their diverse nature of operations and the demands that the society has on them based on the adverse effects of the firm to the environment and the individual lives of people in the surrounding areas. In Australia, the government policies are stricter towards social responsibility activities to businesses in the manufacturing divisions. According to Rao and Tilt, (2016) such decision base on the fact that they engage in significant damage to the environment through pollution that not only affects the climate but also causes significant pollution to noise and water used by the people living in the areas. At the same time, the individuals working in the production factories face serious effects on their health thus calling for a preferential treat for those in the manufacturing environments (Samsi, 2014). The production industry entails a lot of work where remuneration and worker handling issues vary thereby creating a concern for social responsibility. In this case, there exist serious differences in the manner in which their social responsibilities touch on the people aspect in the working environment. Coca Cola as a firm, participates in activities that promote good health lifestyles and economic empowerment towards creating a good name for the individual firm. The firm engages in fewer activities that affect the environment and do not cause serious human rights violation issues. The fact justifies the less intensive social corporate initiatives that the firm considers in its operation (Mialon, Swinburn, Allender Sacks, 2016). The issue serves as the primary difference between the two environments where the first works in the food and beverage sector with little production effects to the environment as opposed to the one dealing in the manufacturing industry (Snider, Hill, Martin, 2003). On the other hand, the matching activities exist due to the similarity in the industry where they operate in as they both get involved in the manufacturing of products despite the level of production offered by both parties. Quality of Social Accounting Approach The observation from the two firms demonstrates a partial adherence to the eight criteria recommended by Zadek towards social accounting approach. The firms have a differing level under which they meet the social accounting criteria. In the case of Nike, the comparability, completeness, information disclosure, management policies, and continuous improvement categories have been fulfilled. The report is intensive and carries a comparison to the issues addressed in the previous years. At the same time, the firm publishes its social reports on the internet and other areas of its operations thus satisfying the open nature of the firm (ACCR, 2017). The continuous improvement is evident in the manner the firm concentrates on environment upgrade and water issues as well as those of human right by recording the progress on each aspect. Further, the report records of the management policies in support of the existence of social events. However, the firm falls short of satisfying the criteria of external verification, inclusivity, and evolution as it lacks a reference to other sources certifying the issues spelled out. In the case of Coca-Cola, several issues according to the criteria remain in place. The information flow demonstrates continuous improvement and external verification and inclusivity. Besides, the firm through its social events improves the verification ability as the events are recorded in other media focuses on social responsibilities for firms (Kytle, B., Ruggie, 2005). The reports on the firms social activities are clear and open to public scrutiny where the contacts and location of the events can be verified. Therefore, it is evident that this firm conforms to most of the criteria associated with Zadek concerning social accountability. Reflection of the Reports on the Values of the Companies The social reports of the firms reflect their vision based on the activities done and the open nature of the report to public scrutiny. Coca-Colas core values commit to delivery of the highest standards for products enjoyed by the customers through services and products delivered by the firm. In this respect, the firm uses the social responsibility to influence more market for its commodity which ends up in consumption of the products. Therefore, the social responsibility affects the well-being of the company as it acts positively towards experiencing the service of the firm. On the other hand, Nikes core values surround the practice of bringing people, planet, and profits into balance for lasting success. The activities undertaken by the firm ensure the sustainability of the environment as well as those of the people living in it. There is a significant conformity to its core value of responsible production in line with the events the firm engages in. Integrity and accountability in the firm through information disclosure guarantees the success of the organization and conformity to the legislations. Therefore, there exist a relation between the firm and the activities it engages in to respond to the challenges it poses to the environment. Despite the degree of reflection, both companies strive to act responsibly to the environment. Reflection on Groups Discussion The social responsibility issues discussed in the paper emanated from the group and focused on the course development touching on Zadeks social accountability criteria. The reports were significant as they met part of the requirements stipulated in the social responsibility criteria. In this case, the companies chosen were essential to the topic of study as they depicted different issues linked to the aspect of corporate social responsibility. We agreed on the common reasoning of the difference in sectors and the way they impact the level at which firms meet their corporate social responsibility. References ACCR. (2017).What ACCR does.Australasian Centre for Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.accr.org.au/what Coca-Cola. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility. Retrieved from https://www.coca-colacompany.com/sustainability Flammer, C. (2015). Does product market competition foster corporate social responsibility? Evidence from trade liberalization.Strategic Management Journal,36(10), 1469-1485. Kleine, D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and development.The Companion to Development Studies,7(1), 195. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C. B., Swain, S. D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), 20-37. Kytle, B., Ruggie, J. G. (2005). Corporate social responsibility as risk management: A model for multinationals. Mialon, M., Swinburn, B., Allender, S., Sacks, G. (2016). Systematic examination of publicly-available information reveals the diverse and extensive corporate political activity of the food industry in Australia.BMC public health,16(1), 283. Moon, J. (2014).Corporate social responsibility: A very short introduction. OUP Oxford. Nike. (2015). Corporate social responsibility. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=15cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwj83MSM9fTAhVLkRQKHTowB6EQFgh8MA4url=http%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fnikeinc%2Fassets%2F34524%2FNike_FY04_CR_report_original.pdf%3F1413902837usg=AFQjCNGYhoQ5xbXWOKAixSs3anEK7rqzfAsig2=-QUVDwA5Pyr1FOf15Midag Rao, K., Tilt, C. (2016). Board diversity and CSR reporting: an Australian study.Meditari Accountancy Research,24(2), 182-210. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-08-2015-0052 Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), 341-350. Samsi, H. (2014). The effect of corporate governance on the relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and corporate value.The Indonesian Accounting Review,4(01), 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.14414/tiar.v4i01.279 Servaes, H., Tamayo, A. (2013). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness.Management Science,59(5), 1045-1061. Shabana, K., Ravlin, E. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting as Substantive and Symbolic Behaviour: A Multilevel Theoretical Analysis.Business and Society Review,121(2), 297-327. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/basr.12089 Snider, J., Hill, R. P., Martin, D. (2003). Corporate social responsibility in the 21st century: A view from the world's most successful firms.Journal of Business ethics,48(2), 175-187. Snider, J., Hill, R. P., Martin, D. (2003). Corporate social responsibility in the 21st century: A view from the world's most successful firms.Journal of Business ethics,48(2), 175-187.

West Lake Home Furnishings Ltd. free essay sample

West Lake Home Furnishings Ltd. Written Analysis and Communication II Instructor Submitted by Section- D 2/08/2008 Date: May 30, 2007 To: Charles Bowman, CEO, West Lake Home Furnishings Ltd. , Ontario, Toronto. From Subject: Advice on whether to accept the offer of reducing the price of signature product to $29. 99 for a year. This report is a summary and analysis of current situation on West Lake Home Furnishings Ltd. (WLHFL) The analysis is based upon the basic objective of economics that is profit maximization. Based upon the present trend of consumer income and preference it is recommended that WLHFL should accept the offer to reduce the unit retail price to $29. 99. As a student of WIMWI, I thank you for providing opportunity to learn about the situation at WLHFL. This has taught me a lot. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Whether to accept the proposal of one of the retailers, to reduce the price to $29. 99 by WLHFL, thereby boosting the sales, has to be evaluated on the basic objective of economics of a firm. We will write a custom essay sample on West Lake Home Furnishings Ltd. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main objective of the firm is to maximize the profit. In order to attain this at retail price of $29. 9, quantity of sales should increase to a substantial level. The present situation at Canada, higher disposable income with Boomer population and reduced price leads to higher demand of quantity are in favour of higher quantity of sales. The proposal ensures the required quantity of sales. Hence, accepting the proposal is recommended. Word Count: 107 Table of content SITUATION ANALYSIS.. 1 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT†¦. OPTIONS 2 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION 3 EVALUATION OF OPTIONS.. 3 RECOMMENDATION. 6 ACTION PLAN.. EXHIBIT-1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. i EXHIBIT-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ii EXHIBIT-3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii EXHIBIT-4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iii SITUATION ANALYSIS Outlook of Lighting and light fixtures industry in Canada The market for Lighting and light fixtures in Canada is quiet competitive. There is large number of firms having small market share. Hence, this market can be considered as a Monopolistic competition. Product differentiation enables West Lake Home Furnishings Ltd. WLHFL) to compete with other firms in three areas: product quality, price and marketing. Price plays a major role To have an impact on price, most of the firms have outsourced production to Asia, especially China. There are two new entrants in 2006, implies that still in the market there is scope for earning. Price plays a major role. It is reflected by average prices for home furnishing items had fallen down during 2002 to 2006 but sales had grown at 6. 1% of compounded average growth rate. Consumers in Canada Consumers in Canada are at the Esteem and Aesthetic needs level (see Exhibit 1). Due to which purchases from large â€Å"big-box† retailers get patronized. This makes large retailers in a strategically important position for the manufacturer like WLHFL. Significant trend which is at advantage for the industry is the Baby Boomer; they are now having higher disposable income and demand for home furnishings. Exhibit 2 suggests that Boomers’ earning will peak in 2015 for the Early Boomers (born from 1945 to 1954) at $90,000 per household, and in 2025 for the Late Boomers (born from 1955 through 1964) at $106,000. Present situation of WLHFL Sales Boost Considering the proposal of one of the top three wholesale customers, Sales boost is obvious as WLHFL will get the prominent shelf space. But we need to trade off between boosting sales and reducing retail price of signature product for all businesses. Objective of the firm The main objective should be maximising the profit. To maximize the profit, WLHFL should set a price and quantity where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost . The exhibit 3 shows the graph for the output and price in long run for a firm in Monopolistic competition. Major hindrance The major hindrance in the cost increments are higher inventory to the tune of $1. 6 million, increase up to 20% in Sales, General, Administrative expenses (SGAE) and increase up to 150% in Shipping and Warehouse. Problem Statement Whether WLHFL should accept the proposal of reducing the retail price of a signature line of decorative lamps from $69. 99 to $29. 99 for a period of one year? Options 1. Accept the proposal to reduce the retail price to $29. 99. 2. Reject the proposal to reduce the retail price to $29. 99. Criteria for Evaluation 1. Profit maximization of WLHFL This is the primary criterion as the implications on the behaviour of the WLHFL can be reasonably accurate and avoid unnecessary analytical implications. 2. Effect on Large Chain Retailer’s relationship After evaluating the primary criterion, evaluating this criterion will have a long term effect on business of WLHFL. 3. Effect on Cash flows of WLHFL for the year 2007 This is a crucial criterion but can be considered only after evaluating the Retailers’ response to the change in unit retail sale price. Evaluation of Options 1. Accept the proposal to reduce the retail price to $29. 9. 1. Profit maximization of WLHFL As shown in the exhibit 3, to attain the profit maximization marginal revenue should be equal to marginal cost. Though, due to lack of complete information about the total demand in Canada for lighting and light fixtures, most of the calculations are approximated. The scenario I suggests that there is considerable increase in the net earnings and hence profit maximization is achieved. 2. Effect on Large chain Retailer’s relationship By accepting the offer, the Retailer who has proposed the offer will continue to do business with us. Consumers generally prefer large retail chains to purchase Home furnishing products, this move will ensure that we remain in the business with good size of market share. The reduced price information to other retailers as well as the consumer will reach in no time. And hence WLHFL will be forced to reduce the retail price not only for the wholesalers but also for consumers, who purchase at retail store and/or via internet. This in turn will have strong positive impact on Cash flow. 3. Effect on Cash flow of WLHFL for the year 2007 Looking at exhibit 4, the cash flow of the company with accepting the offer can result in two scenarios. One, in which the business grows as anticipated and second business grows at reduced anticipated rate. These are shown as Scenario I and Scenario II respectively. It has been observed that Scenario II leads to loss. But, there is an incentive to consider the Scenario I. The high disposable income with Boomer population and reduction in price increases demand for the product ensures that Scenario I is more probable than II. 2. Reject the offer to reduce the retail price t $29. 99. . Profit maximization of WLHFL By rejecting the offer, at present production level of WLHFL is not at the profit maximisation level. That is still there is a possibility of selling more products and maximising profit. There are two new entrants in 2006 which are specifically focusing on this opportunity. Rather than, they grab the opportunity, WLHFL should grab the opportunity. 1. Effect on Large chain Re tailer’s relationship Retailer who made the proposal will be reluctant to provide better shelf space and so do the other retailers, as the volumes provided by WLHFL are not high. Due to this, there is less possibility of reaching to the consumer’s mind. Hence, there is not anticipation of growth in sale in long term. Even there is a possibility that the retailer can purchase directly from Chinese manufacturer which can be availed at cheaper price. Opportunity cost is high, and hence rejection to offer is not recommended. 3. Effect on cash flow of WLHFL for the year 2007 If the WLHFL grows at average 10%, then there is positive cash flow. As retailers will not offer the better shelf space, it is difficult to attain. Also, due to new entrants and/or retailers themselves purchases directly from Chinese manufacturer will force to reduce the price. At this production level, reduction in price means negative cash flow. Recommendation Evaluating the options suggests accepting the proposal of reducing the retail price of a signature line of decorative lamps from $69. 99 to $29. 99 for a period of one year. Action Plan †¢Communicate to the retailer about the acceptance of offer. †¢Communicate to the other retailers about the reduction in price and negotiate on gaining better shelf space, lesser margin and more volume. Keep the working capital ready, to manage the high inventory level. †¢Prepare a projected production quantity and arrange the resources accordingly. Word count: 1098 Exhibit 1: Different stages in need hierarchy. Adapted from Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs. Exhibit 2: Boomers have earned more at every age than prior generations Source: http://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/publicat ions/Impact_Aging_Baby_Boomers/slideshow/ slideshow_2. asp Exhibit 3: Output and Price in the Long run for Monopolistic Competition. Source: Cowell, F A. (Dec. 2004). Microeconomics: Principle and analysis. London school of economics. Exhibit 4: Projected Cash Flow with various Scenario Projected Scenario for year 2007 2006Scenario IScenario IIScenario III Unit sale price of signature product$69. 99$29. 99$29. 99$69. 99 Per unit COGS$30$20$20$30 Sales1 Wholesale8,000,0001665711593005248800000 Store3,000,000750000045000003300000 Internet200,000500000300000220000 COGS27,057,000993879699387967,762,700 Gross Margin41430001471831941617274557300 As a % of Sales36. 99%59. 69%29. 51%36. 99% Sales, General, Adminstrative Expenses3,000,000360000036000003,300,000 Shipping and Warehouse830,00020750002075000913,000 Operating Income313,0009,043,319-1,513,273344,300 Income Tax109,5503,165,1620120,505 Net earnings203,4505,878,157-1,513,273223,795 Scenario IAccept the offer and business grows as anticipated in the proposal Unit sale from Retailor with proposal is 5 times the 2006 values Unit sale from other two retailers is 2. 5 times the 2006 values Retail store revenue growth is 2. 5 times the 2006 values Internet sale is 2. 5 times SGAEincrease by 20% SWincrease by 150% Scenario IIAccept the offer and business grows at reduced rate than anticipated in the proposal Unit sale from Retailor with proposal is 2. times the 2006 values Unit sale from other two retailers is 1. 5 times the 2006 values Retail store revenue growth is 1. 5 times the 2006 values Internet sale is 1. 5 times SGAEIncrease by 20% SW increase by 150% Scenario IIIRejection of offer, 10% growth in Sales and COGS remains the same SGAEIncrease by 10% SW Increase by 10% Assumptions: 1Average unit retail sale price is as Unit sale pric e of signature product 2Due assumption 2, average unit cost has been considered as per unit COGS. Source: West Lake Home Furnishings Ltd. Annual Reports (disguised)

Free Essays on Law School

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Weekly News from the Arab World Essay The Arab World is facing various issues this week regarding the situation of the countries within it as well as important matters that also affect the whole world. Based upon the leading newspapers and news Web site the Middle Eastern region is dealing with affairs in different realms, which are mainly about politics, economics, as well as peace and order. As such, these events should be given due attention and consideration because the situations in the Arab World do not only affect the Middle Eastern region but it also has implications upon the international community. Most countries in the Middle East are rich in petroleum products. The presence of this kind of natural resources in these countries is the primary backbone of their economies. They are also responsible in exporting a huge percentage of oil and petroleum products in the international market. Being the case, the supply of oil coming from the Arab World is very important in order to sustain the needs for this product in the whole world. However, based upon the recent reports in Amman, Jordan the leading refinery in the country is having difficulties in meeting the increasing demand for oil. The Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company (JPRC) said that gas station orders have already quadrupled as compared to the previous days when the oil prices are still high. The CEO of JPRC Ahmad Rifai said that the decrease in the price oil has been the primary reason the refinery received 898 orders to provide gas station with 18, 392 tones of various fuel products. Unlike, the orders before that only amounted to 311. Nevertheless, Rifai added that their company is working round-the-clock to attend to all the demands of the gas stations in time. Moreover, he also assured the public that the supply of the company is sufficient enough for the needs of the consumers (Hazaimeh, 2008). The matter of peace and order in the region is still a primary concern especially in the country of Iraq. This has been become more evident when the Iraqis held an anti-US rally this week. The supporters of the Shia cleric Moqtada Sadr staged a mass demonstration wherein they marched from the eastern suburb of Dasr City towards the country’s capital, Baghdad. This was there way of showing their disagreement and disappointment in the plans of extending the U. S. mandate in the country. There were about 50,000 protesters that chanted the slogans â€Å"Get out occupier! † The opposition of these militants is based from the United Nations mandate that U. S. -led coalition forces are finish by the end of the year (BBC, 2008). On the brighter side of things, Israel’s defense Minister Ehud Barak expressed the country’s leaders in considering the plan that was proposed by Saudi Arabia, which offers comprehensive peace among Israel and the Arab world. Barak said that it is just timely to pursue an overall peace deal because there is little progress in individual negotiations. The peace plan stipulates that Israel will be recognized by its Arab neighbors in exchange for the country’s withdrawal from the lands in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem as well as the Golan Heights captured in the 1967 Middle East war. Barak also said that he had a discussion with Tzipi Livni, the Kadima party’s leader wherein they are considering a response with regards to the peace plan. This is regarded as a good start in establishing a comprehensive regional peace (Aljazeera, 2008). The aforementioned events discuss the major current situations that are happening in the Arab world. These reported incidents show the challenges that the region is facing and the corresponding reasons behind it. Nevertheless, despite the problems that the Middle East is encountering there are still developments towards addressing these issues. The Arab world is not merely stagnant in its usual dilemmas because they are also moving forward towards the betterment of their respective countries and their region as a whole. References Aljazeera. (2008). Israel weighing Saudi peace deal. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://english. aljazeera. net/news/middleeast/2008/10/20081019234422358867. html. BBC. (2008). Iraqis stage mass anti-US rally. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/middle_east/7677551. stm. Hazaimeh, H. (2008). Refinery struggles to meet soaring demand on fuel after prices lowered. The Jordan Times. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://www. jordantimes. com/? news=11457.

The Behavior Of Emerging Market Returns :: essays research papers

Currency devaluations, failed economic plans, regulatory changes, coups and other national financial "shocks" are notoriously difficult to predict and may have disasterous consequences for global portfolios. Indeed, these characteristics often define the difference in investment in the capital markets of developed and emerging economies. Research on emerging markets has suggested three market features: high average returns, high volatility and low correlations both across the emerging markets and with developed markets. Indeed, the lesson of volatility was learned the hard way by many investors in December 1994 when the Mexican stock market began a fall that would reduce equity value in U.S. dollars by 80% over the next three months. But, we have learned far more about these fledgling markets. First, we need to be careful in interpreting the average performance of these markets. Harvey (1995) points out that the International Finance Corporation (IFC) backfilled some of the index data resulting in a survivorship bias in the average returns. Second, the countries that are currently chosen by the IFC are the ones that have a proven track record. This selection of winners induces another type of selection bias. Third, Goetzmann and Jorion (1996) detail a re-emerging market bias. Some markets, like Argentina, have a long history beginning in the last half of the 19th century. At one point in the 1920's, Argentina's market capitalization exceeded that of the U.K. However, this market submerged. To sample returns from 1976 (as the IFC does), only measures the "re-emergence" period. A longer horizon mean, in this case, would be lower than the one calculated from 1976. This insight is consistent with the out-of -sample portfolio simulations carried out by Harvey (1993) indicating that the performance of the dynamic strategy was affect by the initial five years. Fourth, exposure as measured by the IFC is not necessarily attainable for world investor's [see Bekart and Urias (1996)]. Second, we have learned that the emerging market returns are more predictable than developed market returns. Harvey (1995) details much higher explanatory power for emerging equity markets than developed market returns. The sources of this predictability could be time-varying risk exposures and/or time-varying risk premiums, such as in Ferson and Harvey's (1991, 1993) study of U.S. and international markets. The predictability could also be induced by fundamental inefficiencies. In many countries, the predictability is of a remarkably simple form: autocorrelation. For example, Harvey (1995) details 0.25 autocorrelation coefficient for Mexico in a sample that ends in June 1992.

Appearance of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos Essay

The natives of the Philippine islands already wore different types of clothing and ornaments before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. The men usually wore short-sleeved, collarless jackets that reached just below the waste. The jackets were also symbols of their status in the community. The chief usually wore red, for example. The bahag was worn for the lower part. It is a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist which passes between the things, leaving the thighs and legs exposed. A head gear or a putong is a piece of cloth wrapped around the head. This is also important like the color of the jacket. A red putong meant that the wearer has already gone to war and killed an enemy. An embroidered putong meant that the wearer has killed at least seven enemies. Adornments such as necklaces, armlets or kalombiga, anklets, earrings and rings were also worn. These were usually made of gold and other precious stones. Women also wore sleeved jackets called baro and skirts called saya or patadyong. Women fancied wearing ornaments as well such as gem-studded bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and rings. Tattoos Tattoos played an important part in the appearance of pre-Hispanic Filipinos both for the men and women. Tattoos were considered to be the equivalent of medals, one had to work for and earn it. The more tattoos a person had, the more impressive was his or her war record. The Visayas was known to be the Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted People because it was the there that the early Spanish colonizers observed very tattooed people and Spanish writers referred to them as the pintados, meaning â€Å"painted†.

Crimes of the Heart Essay

I choose Babe as the character that I would make a â€Å"through-line. † She has one of the more detailed and complex background stories. They are complex, because it is not extremely evident why they are significant. However, once one deeply analyzes her character, it becomes evident why these stories about her are so important in trying to understand Babe. Babe’s ultimate goal is to understand her complex reality. Unlike the other Magrath sisters, she has been deeply pondering the reason behind her mother’s suicide. She even goes so far as to think about it before each suicide attempt told in the novel. Each time, she feels closer to her mother due to her self-discoveries. For example, she is extremely happy to learn that her mother hung the old, yellow cat not out of hatred but out of fear of loneliness in the afterlife. She is also one of the few characters that try to understand Meg’s promiscuous and crazy personality. Babe describes the after affects Meg had after finding their mother dead. According to Babe, Meg would look at pictures of people diseased or in pain in order to prove that she was not weak. This desire to appear strong translated into other areas of Meg’s life. The way Babe tries to accomplish her goal of understanding her reality is by acting like a child. Babe sees the world through a child’s lens. She asks many questions, cannot control her emotions, and does not understand social norms. One example where she cannot control her emotions is when her sister is in the room and she tries to claw out the rope from the drawer. Rather than discreetly take the rope, she feels the need to claw it out and kill herself immediately. Similar to a child, she also does not understand social norms or their consequences. While Babe is pretty and has men after her such as the young lawyer, she prefers small children. Babe cares for and has sexual relations with a small boy, Willie Jae, who is only 15 years old. It seems she feels better connected with young children, versus adults her age. Additionally, Willie is African American. During such a time, having just contact between the two could have led to significant punishment for the both of them. Rather than simply understanding her situation, she appears oblivious to it. When Willie Jae must go north for protection, she asks why. It seems she does not completely understand the way certain races are viewed in society. Her act as a child saves her in the end. Her lawyer had a fanatical obsession with his personal vendetta against Zachary; however, he gave that up for her sake. He loved and cared for Babe’s child-like and kind personality. Babe has probably used her perceived child-like innocence before. As she tries to understand the world, her child-like characteristics both help her and are a detriment to her. Through-line: -Dad abandons her and her sisters Mother hangs herself in the cellar along with the old, yellow cat. Mother ends up on the national news -Grandfather calls her dancing sugarplum. -Marries Zachary while drunk. Grandfather believes she will become the top of society. -Is physically abused by her husband and pushed around by her sister-in-law, Lucille -Gets a dog called Dog from Willie Jae, 15 year-old African American boy. She has sexual intercourse in the garbage several times -Zachary comes home early and hits Willie Jae. Babe is suicidal, but instead tries to kill Zachary. Makes lemonade and then calls an ambulance.

Blindness in native son essays

Blindness in native son essays In Richard Wrights novel Native Son, the characters of Ma Thomas, Britten and Mary Dalton are blind to their surroundings. Ma Thomas does not want to admit her son performed an action that caused a tragedy for the Dalton family. For example, during a visit to Bigger in jail, Ma sees Mrs. Dalton and emotionally states: Please, Mam ... dont let em kill my boy! He aint never had a chance! Hes just a poor boy! (348). Ma is aware that her son is more than likely going to be sentenced to death because he murdered a white young lady, and later denied it by saying it was another man he had left her with. Ma becomes selfish when she approaches Mrs. Dalton pleading for her son not to be sentenced to death. Ma does not take into consideration all the heartbreak Bigger has put upon the Dalton family. In addition, Ma confronts Bigger and tells him to pray to God: your poor old Ma wants you to promise her... When aint nobody round you, when you alone, get on your knees and tell God everything. Ask him to guide you... son promise me youll go to him, (345). Ma wants nothing to happen to her son. Being blind to the emotions of others, Ma thinks that Bigger is the only person who is being affected. She forgets that the Daltons are the ones who lost a daughter because of Biggers action. Ma also feels that if her son were to turn to God, everything will be okay. In Mas opinion, even if Bigger were to be sentenced to death, if he has turned to God, a part of his soul would be saved. The Thomas family has had its share of hardships and this is just another obstacle they need to overcome. Britten is blind when he thinks that Bigger is not trustworthy because of the color of his skin. For example, when Mary was missing and Britten came into the Dalton house to question Bigger, Britten went straight to Peggy and asked: How ...

Leadership & Vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership & Vision - Essay Example Therefore, a vision that mainly reflects "vague dreams" or "thing(s) of imagination" may be detached from reality" (Bogler & Nir, 2001). "Leadership is reciprocal, occurring among people. Leadership is a people activity, distinct from administrative paper shuffling or problem solving activities. Leadership is dynamic and involves the use of power" (Daft, 1997). In order to involve and motivate the employees and to instill a sense of ownership among employees, organizations carry out many activities. Sharing the vision and goals of the company is one of the most practical and fruitful ways of instilling the sense of ownership among employees. This philosophy supported by a visionary leadership builds trust and trust further creates a sense of ownership. In the environment of trust and ownership, overall goals and objectives of the company are understood by the employees in a better way resulting in better performance not just by the employees individually but also collectively by the company or organization. Employees must be empowered to take action based on the basis of their understanding of different situations and scenarios within the organization. This empowerment will develop their problem solving skill and they will become a part of the big picture. This empowerment would not be possible without sound leadership.

International Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

International Financial management - Essay Example The report is divided into four broad sections, which include a brief overview of Leighton Holdings and its comparison with global competitors, commentary on the operating and financial issues of the company in light of selected ratios, an evaluation of currency management and overall performance of the company and recommendations for potential investors on the basis of analysis and evaluations carried out in this report. Leighton Holdings Limited, being amongst the largest international contractors around the world, was established in the year 1949 and is headquartered in Sydney. The company was listed on Australian Stock Exchange (ASE) in 1962 (Leighton Holdings, 2013; Yahoo Finance, 2013). The current business profile of Leighton Holdings Limited shows numerous operations, which include construction, development and maintenance of infrastructural facilities, mining, resource provision and real estate services (Leighton Holdings, 2013). In addition, the company also undertakes projects related to construction of road, railway networks, cleaning up of contaminated areas, disposal of waste, and other related services. Apart from the domestic Australian market, the operations of the company are also spread internationally, which include regions 20 countries in the Asian region, Middle Eastern region, southern parts of Africa and the neighbouring country New Zealand. In this table, it can be seen that Leighton Holdings Limited can be regarded as amongst leading international contractors. The ranking of Leighton Holdings Limited in relation to earnings per share ratio and long term growth rate of the company, is the best amongst the ratios listed in the table. However, the gap between performance indicators of Leighton Holdings Limited and industry leader is considerable in almost all of the indicators shown above. For the

Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Assignment - Case Study Example The two main principles comprises of the superior quality and the superior efficiency. The superior efficiency include the experience curve and the learning effect   (Hill & Jones, 2013). On the other hand, the superior quality entails its excellence and reliability. As illustrated in the diagram below Superior efficiency can gladly be achieved through designing products for easy manufacturing and organizing self-managing institutions. Additionally, it was evident from the study that the superior quality can be achieved by finding ways of measuring the quality and reduce costs and error. Another important principle that was all evident in the study is superior innovation. In ‘superior design, there are proper principles when better design and good process of manufacturing are in place. For instance the average time between the part failure rose from 2500 hrs to 170000 hrs. There was a massive improvement that rose from the best manufacturing and design

My First Assignment as an Executive Assistant Essay

My First Assignment as an Executive Assistant - Essay Example At the same time, such responsibilities extend and uphold the interest of the company that works in collaboration with other insurance companies. Costs of services are then considered to be in conjunction with a pre-approved limit that carries an effective balance of duties and responsibilities. Similarly, certain conflicts arise when the balance is distorted and medical errors in the clinical institution attracts a situation in stark comparison to the ethics and laws that the company stakeholders believed in while protecting their best interests. Conflict of laws certainly worked against the achievement of a certain purpose especially where reduction results to decreased quality of service against a continuum of care provided for the patient. The question of, sacrificing and allowing cost to impede the quality of service provides as the main considerable conflict in the case. Superficially, we can identify the surface conflict within the principles of business ethics that Chris is tasked to investigate and create certain essential components and probable solutions within the scope of his study. It is a proven fact that the highly technical gadgets in the health industry costs formed a considerable amount of money as investment. Stakeholders expect to maintain appropriate cost control factors against an affordable health program commonly available for all. Yet, every labor force knows the hardships encountered just to maintain a scenario that best creates a win-win solution between the patient and family and the health provider. It is but difficult to consider such factors especially when cost drivers associates the prescription drugs cost, current medical; device, government mandates an litigation and risk management and the future of the health industry and its day-to day operations. Competition has also allowed creating a surface conflict where levels of services are in question against the actual cost of service for the public. In its entirety, the deepest conflict lies within the maintenance of a certain balance on the cost of service that cuts unnecessary expense without sacrificing the quality to create a competitive streak within the industry. Such provisions are questioned when a shift or a disproportioned share is seen inside the business community and its clients. As a move to improve the situation, the health industry has opposed the government mandates that demonstrate a stark outweighing of costs. The business sector has provided that certain rules should be subjected to cost analysis that eradicates any mandate which outweighs the standards. Prices of drugs and medicines are enjoined for availability at reasonable prices. At the same time, the government has provided that insurance providers may be encouraged to provide a variety of plans affordable to employer and employees. Similarly, the government has pushed for certain resolutions that looked into possible disputes caused by the tighter security around health insurance program ensuing social struggles (National Coalition on Health Care, 2005). It has realized

PR1MA Group Housing Affordability

PR1MA Group Housing Affordability AFFORDABILITY RATE AMONG PR1MA RECIPIENTS IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA Nur Aini Syafawani Binti Umar1 ,Shirley Tan2 and Mohd Zairul bin Mohd Nor3 Master of Architecture (M. Arch) Faculty of Design and Architecture University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Abstract A house is one of the basic important needs for humans. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Article 17, Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. Affordable housing is housing that balance with the average household income and as the rule of thumb, housing is considered affordable if the costs is less than 30% of gross household income. The increasing in housing prices cause imbalance between housing affordability and household income which has becomes the dilemmas for the young starters to buy their first house. Malaysian government has introduced several affordable housing policies to facilitate home ownership among different groups of household income. However, the policies which only benefit the low-income household group have neglected the needs for affordable housing for middle income group. PR1MA housing policy is one of the methods of policies aimed at ensuring that all eligible Malaysians are given chance towar ds home ownership. Therefore, this study is to investigate the rate of affordability among young home owner of PR1MA in Federal Territory of Putrajaya using the survey method; pilot survey, a preliminary survey to gather information in smaller scale and personal interview survey to explore the responses of the respondents to gather deeper information towards understanding factors influencing rate of affordability. The findings establish that the main housing issue faced by the middle-income groups are housing price and household expenditure. Hence, it is recommended to address these issues in designing an affordable scheme for the middle-income groups based on the findings of the study. Keywords: housing, affordability 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the recent years, rapid economic development has leads to population growth and this has resulted in the increasing demand for residential housing at urban city in Malaysia. The increasing of housing prices has become the dilemma of the young starters which falls under middle income group to buy their first house. Most of the young starters are having difficulties to secure a mortgage from the final institution. Despite many assistance from the government to assist the young starters to own their dream house, the affordable issue still haunting the target group for realizing their dreams. The main purpose of this paper is to study the rate of affordability among eligible young starters for PR1MA program. The Government of Malaysia aware that housing is a basic need for every citizen and is an important element in contributing for the urban economy. PR1MA housing policy is one of the methods of policies aimed at ensuring that all eligible Malaysians are given chance towards home ownership. According to general PR1MA guidelines, those eligible to apply for PR1MA homes are Malaysians owning not more than one home and having a gross household income of not more than RM7, 500 per month. The PR1MA apartments in Putrajaya were certainly popular with over 7,000 applications received for 560 apartments (PR1MAs website, 2017). As a result, PR1MA housing in Putrajaya was chosen as our pilot study and this study aims to investigate the rate of affordability among the young starter who are eligible for the PR1MA housing program. Therefore, the objectives of the present study are: To identify the average household income expenditure among young starter who are eligible to apply PR1MA houses. To identify the affordability issue over PR1MA housing price among young starter 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Affordability means differently to renters and owners. Although every group in the housing market is affected by the mortgage rates, owners are affected much more as compare to the renters (CVRDs Regional Growth Strategy, 2016). Several studies or research have been done to understand what does affordable housing mean in this context. The definition of affordable housing is the subject of different analyses and debates among experts (Baqutaya, 2016). Upon the debates, definition of affordable housing is a housing that is considered affordable if the debt service ratio is 30% of the income expenditure (Zairul, 2017). Families that pay more, especially lower and medium income families, are considered cost burdened because they may have difficulty paying for non-housing needs such as food, clothing, transportation, childcare, and medical care (Gary Pivo, 2013). Rate of affordability was measured by house price to income ratio according to Median Multiple methodology (Cagamas, 2013). The definition of affordability is essential before further analyzing the root cause of housing affordability. Issues relating to affordable housing has becomes a dilemmas among low and middle income group. The root cause of affordability among the group was due to the increase of non-housing expenditure by 4.7% based on the Consumer Price Index (Cagamas, 2013). Affordability is mainly defined by the relationship between household expenditure and income. Many authors (Yates and Gabriel, 2006; Carney and Boyle, 2004) argues that housing affordability is affected by the distribution of house prices, household incomes and the structure of financing costs.  Based on the growth of current housing scenario in Malaysia, the issue has been underpinned by the interface of three forces; growing population, high rates of urbanization and growing economy. The imbalance between demand and supply, particularly in the affordable housing segment, has contributed to a high increase in housing prices. This has compounded housing affordability issues, particularly for the low and middle income population (Eco nomic Developments, 2015). Malaysian government has introduced several affordable housing policies to facilitate home ownership among different groups of household income. However, little is done to attend the needs of the middle income group. Despite economic growth, 60% of the middle income group is young starters and majority of their income level falls under lower middle category (Dr. Azriyati, Dr. Rosly and Dr Kuppusamy, 2013). The increasing in housing prices, household expenditure and the lacking of more affordable housing policies AFFORDABILITY RATE AMONG PR1MA RECIPIENTS IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA Nur Aini Syafawani Binti Umar1 ,Shirley Tan2 and Mohd Zairul bin Mohd Nor3 Master of Architecture (M. Arch) Faculty of Design and Architecture University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Abstract A house is one of the basic important needs for humans. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Article 17, Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. Affordable housing is housing that balance with the average household income and as the rule of thumb, housing is considered affordable if the costs is less than 30% of gross household income. The increasing in housing prices cause imbalance between housing affordability and household income which has becomes the dilemmas for the young starters to buy their first house. Malaysian government has introduced several affordable housing policies to facilitate home ownership among different groups of household income. However, the policies which only benefit the low-income household group have neglected the needs for affordable housing for middle income group. PR1MA housing policy is one of the methods of policies aimed at ensuring that all eligible Malaysians are given chance towar ds home ownership. Therefore, this study is to investigate the rate of affordability among young home owner of PR1MA in Federal Territory of Putrajaya using the survey method; pilot survey, a preliminary survey to gather information in smaller scale and personal interview survey to explore the responses of the respondents to gather deeper information towards understanding factors influencing rate of affordability. The findings establish that the main housing issue faced by the middle-income groups are housing price and household expenditure. Hence, it is recommended to address these issues in designing an affordable scheme for the middle-income groups based on the findings of the study. Keywords: housing, affordability 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the recent years, rapid economic development has leads to population growth and this has resulted in the increasing demand for residential housing at urban city in Malaysia. The increasing of housing prices has become the dilemma of the young starters which falls under middle income group to buy their first house. Most of the young starters are having difficulties to secure a mortgage from the final institution. Despite many assistance from the government to assist the young starters to own their dream house, the affordable issue still haunting the target group for realizing their dreams. The main purpose of this paper is to study the rate of affordability among eligible young starters for PR1MA program. The Government of Malaysia aware that housing is a basic need for every citizen and is an important element in contributing for the urban economy. PR1MA housing policy is one of the methods of policies aimed at ensuring that all eligible Malaysians are given chance towards home ownership. According to general PR1MA guidelines, those eligible to apply for PR1MA homes are Malaysians owning not more than one home and having a gross household income of not more than RM7, 500 per month. The PR1MA apartments in Putrajaya were certainly popular with over 7,000 applications received for 560 apartments (PR1MAs website, 2017). As a result, PR1MA housing in Putrajaya was chosen as our pilot study and this study aims to investigate the rate of affordability among the young starter who are eligible for the PR1MA housing program. Therefore, the objectives of the present study are: To identify the average household income expenditure among young starter who are eligible to apply PR1MA houses. To identify the affordability issue over PR1MA housing price among young starter 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Affordability means differently to renters and owners. Although every group in the housing market is affected by the mortgage rates, owners are affected much more as compare to the renters (CVRDs Regional Growth Strategy, 2016). Several studies or research have been done to understand what does affordable housing mean in this context. The definition of affordable housing is the subject of different analyses and debates among experts (Baqutaya, 2016). Upon the debates, definition of affordable housing is a housing that is considered affordable if the debt service ratio is 30% of the income expenditure (Zairul, 2017). Families that pay more, especially lower and medium income families, are considered cost burdened because they may have difficulty paying for non-housing needs such as food, clothing, transportation, childcare, and medical care (Gary Pivo, 2013). Rate of affordability was measured by house price to income ratio according to Median Multiple methodology (Cagamas, 2013). The definition of affordability is essential before further analyzing the root cause of housing affordability. Issues relating to affordable housing has becomes a dilemmas among low and middle income group. The root cause of affordability among the group was due to the increase of non-housing expenditure by 4.7% based on the Consumer Price Index (Cagamas, 2013). Affordability is mainly defined by the relationship between household expenditure and income. Many authors (Yates and Gabriel, 2006; Carney and Boyle, 2004) argues that housing affordability is affected by the distribution of house prices, household incomes and the structure of financing costs.  Based on the growth of current housing scenario in Malaysia, the issue has been underpinned by the interface of three forces; growing population, high rates of urbanization and growing economy. The imbalance between demand and supply, particularly in the affordable housing segment, has contributed to a high increase in housing prices. This has compounded housing affordability issues, particularly for the low and middle income population (Eco nomic Developments, 2015). Malaysian government has introduced several affordable housing policies to facilitate home ownership among different groups of household income. However, little is done to attend the needs of the middle income group. Despite economic growth, 60% of the middle income group is young starters and majority of their income level falls under lower middle category (Dr. Azriyati, Dr. Rosly and Dr Kuppusamy, 2013). The increasing in housing prices, household expenditure and the lacking of more affordable housing policies  for the middle group declining the rate of affordability for home ownership. Towards resolving affordable housing issues, the National Housing Policy (NHP) has been established to outline the direction and form the basis for the planning and development of the housing sector at the federal, state, and local levels (10th Malaysia Plan, 2009). The NHP is introduced to provide sufficient and affordable houses to improve the well-being of the people as well as tackling the issues and challenges faced by the housing industry today (Dato Ahmad, 2009). However, the NHP targeting on the affordability issue for all level of income group which is the low and middle income group. Targeting on the middle income group, the type of available affordable housing scheme by the government is as follows: Table 1: Schemes for middle income group in Malaysia. Adapted from: Zairul (2017) My First Home Scheme (SRP) PR1MA PPA1M Eligibility Income limit for individual loans from RM 3,000 to RM5,000 per month or joint household incomes for up to RM10,000 per month. Eligibility to own property costs up to RM400,000 Malaysian citizen Total individual or household income (husband wife) between RM2,500 to RM15,000 monthly Single or Married Owns no more than 1 property between the applicants and applicants spouse, if any RM90,000-RM120,000 (joint income and not more than RM6000) RM150,000-RM220,000 (joint income not more than RM10,000) RM221,000-RM260,000 (joint income not more than RM10,000) 18-35 years old and first-time buyers 21 years old and above 18-60 years old (for government servant only) Table 1 shows the available schemes for middle income group in Malaysia. Most of the middle income group consists of young starters who could not afford to buy their first house and at the same time, they are not eligible for low cost housing. This study will focus on the PR1MA housing policy which is aimed at ensuring the middle income group are given chance towards home ownership. In conclusion, affordability expresses the challenge each household faces in balancing the household income and household expenditure. Affordable housing schemes launched by the government was to promote affordability in all levels of income group. Towards realizing of home ownership, little has been done to cater the needs of housing for the middle income group. Even though the middle income group are eligible for purchasing affordable house from the affordable housing scheme, but their affordability does not depends only on the eligibility but also influenced by the household expenditure. It is important for the government to revise the term affordability to ensure the affordable housing scheme is able to balance with the income level of the group. 3.0 METHODOLOGY The study was conducted by three methods: 1) desk review; 2) process analysis; 3) in-depth interview. This paper started by first understanding the definition of affordability through the method of desk review by searching relevant information on the meaning of affordability in local context. The definition of affordable housing is the subject of different analyses and debates among experts (Baqutaya, 2016). The source of reading materials was also searched through desk review. Types of affordable housing scheme available, the eligibility of the policies related, and the current issue of housing affordability was focused in this method. The second method was process analysis which involves the collection of data through questionnaire survey and in-depth interview. The questionnaire survey were done among the young home owners of PR1MA in Putrajaya to determine age, occupation, and income bracket. In-depth interview was carried out to further study and is essential to review on factors influencing housing affordability among young starters. Thus, the questions were more detail and specified on the household expenses and in-depth understanding about affordability. 4.0 DATA ANALYSIS This survey divided the study into two sections; The income category of current young starters as home owners of PR1MA affordable house unit and, The category household size of the young starter. The survey with young starters involved two sessions, starting with a pilot study conducted among the young home owners of PR1MA house in Putrajaya. The next session involved an in-depth interview with the young starters to study the factors that would influence the rate of affordability. The pilot study was conducted to determine age, occupation, and income bracket. Criteria for the selection of the respondents included the following: 1) young professionals age between 21 to 35 years old; household income or combined income not exceeding RM7500 monthly; 3) home owner of PR1MA house in Putrajaya. Total number of young starter respondents from the current PR1MA home owners according to income category surveyed is as shown in Table 1. From the survey conducted, 60% of the respondents with household income range from RM2500 to RM4000, 20% range from RM4001 to RM6000, 10% with income ranging RM6001 to RM7000 and 10% from RM7000 to RM7500. Table 2: Distribution of Young Starter Survey PR1MA Respondents by Household Income Income Category Number of response Percentage RM2500-RM4000 6 60% RM4001-RM6000 2 20% RM6001-RM7000 1 10% RM7001-RM7500 1 10% Total 10 100% The second session with the young starters involves an in-depth interview. During the interview session, the emphasis was on the factors influencing the rate of affordability. The category of household size of the young starter determines the percentage of household expenses from household income monthly. The interview feedback was used to study 1) the price of PR1MA house bought, 2) types of household expenses involved monthly, 3) alternative used by the young home owners to lessen mortgage burden. Table 3 shows the household size of the current young starter of PR1MA home owners. 50% of the young respondents are single, 20% of them are married without having children and 20% are with married status and blessed with one children. Only 10% of the respondents with higher household size with two or more children in a family. Table 3: Distribution of Young Starter Survey PR1MA Respondents by Household Size Household Size Number of response Percentage Single 5 50% Married with no children 2 20% Married and have 1 children 2 20% Married and have 2 or more children 1 10% Total 10 100% 5.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS According to a study from Azriyati (2013), middle income households can be categorized into three sub-categories; Low-Middle Income, Middle-Middle Income and Upper-Middle Income. Table 4: Categorization Income for Middle Income Group. Extracted from Azriyati (2013) City Income Category Lower-Middle Middle-Middle Upper-Middle Kuala Lumpur RM2001-4000 RM4001-RM6000 RM6001-RM8000 Table 4 shows the sub-categorization of middle income group. The income category for lower-middle group is RM2001 to RM4000; middle-middle group is RM4001 to RM6000; and upper-middle is RM6001 to RM8000. In relation to table 1, 60% of the respondents falls under lower-middle income category; 20% falls under middle-middle income category; and the remaining 20% falls under upper-middle income category. It can be concluded that majority of the young starters income category falls under lower-middle income category which is near to the bottom line of low income group. Table 5: Calculation of affordability rate among Malaysians. (Source: flexZhouse, Zairul (2017)) CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 PROPERTY PRICES RM500,000 RM400,000 RM280,000 RM150,000 Net pay (household) RM7,500 RM7,000 RM8,000 RM5,500 Less: statutory deductions Income tax RM225 RM210 RM240 RM165 EPF contributions (8%) RM825 RM770 RM880 RM605 Net take-home pay RM6,450 RM6,020 RM6,880 RM4,730 Less: monthly commitment Mortgage Installments (6% for 30 years) RM2,700 RM2,160 RM1,512 RM810 Utilities RM300 RM300 RM300 RM300 Car hire-purchase (one car) RM800 RM800 RM800 RM800 Petrol and maintenance for one car RM1,000 RM600 RM600 RM600 Food and other expenses RM1,000 RM1,000 RM1,000 RM1,000 Childcare (one person) RM800 RM800 RM800 RM800 Insurance plan (RM200 per pax) RM200 RM200 RM450 RM450 Parents (RM200 per pax) RM400 RM400 RM400 RM400 Net savings (-RM600) (-RM490) RM1,018 RM430 Household to income ratio 5.56 4.76 2.92 2.27 From the table above, the calculation was based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), 2013 which has increased by 4.7% (Cagamas,2013). The calculation above illustrates the typical monthly expenses of young starters in Malaysia. Against this scenario, the acceptable range for affordability current middle income home owners is between RM150,000 and RM280,000 (Zairul, 2017). Table 6 shows the price to income category determining the affordable rate. Table 6: Ratio of House Price to Household Income (Source: Cagamas Berhad, 2013) Category House Price to Income Ratio Severely Unaffordable 5.1 Above Seriously Unaffordable 4.1 to 5.0 Moderately Unaffordable 3.1 to 4.0 Affordable 3.0 Below The house price for PR1MA house unit at Putrajaya are based on two prices, RM120,000 for 815 sqft and RM150,000 for 1,006 sqft according to the feedback through interview conducted. Table 6 shows the calculation of affordability rate among young home owners of PR1MA house in Putrajaya based on the data analysis section. It was learned that 60% of the young home owners income range falls under lower-middle income category. From table 7, both case shows negative disposable income of the PR1MA young home owners which is -RM1,174 and -RM1,218. In relation to data obtained and showed in table 3, the household size of the respondents contributes to household expenditure base on the feedback from the interview. As the rule of thumb, the housing is considered affordable if the debt service ratio is 30% of the income expenditure (Zairul,2017). Table 7: Calculation of affordability rate among young home owners of PR1MA house. Adapted from Zairul (2017) CASE 1 CASE 2 PROPERTY PRICES RM120,000 RM150,000 Net pay (household) RM2,800 RM4,000 Less: statutory deductions Income tax RM120 EPF contributions (8%) RM224 RM288 Net take-home pay RM2,576 RM3,312 Less: monthly commitment Mortgage Installments (6% for 30 years) RM670 RM810 Utilities RM80 RM300 Car hire-purchase (one car) RM800 RM800 Petrol and maintenance for one car RM600 RM600 Food and other expenses RM1,000 RM1,000 Childcare (one person) RM800 Insurance plan (RM200 per pax) RM200 RM200 Parents (RM200 per pax) 400 RM400 Net savings (-RM1,174) (-RM1,218) Household to income ratio Figure 1: Non-Affordability Rate among Young Starter of PR1MA Figure 1 shows data analysis derived from the relationship between income category (table 1) and affordability rate calculation (table 7). Based on the results obtained, 60% of the middle-income group falls under lower-middle income category and the rate of affordability was calculated based on the income range of this category which is between RM2500 to RM4000. The results show the non-affordability for this income category. Figure 1 demonstrates the PR1MA young home owners under income range from RM2500 to RM4000 shows the highest percentage of non-affordability whereas the income category from RM6001 to RM7500 shows the least percentage. Figure 2: Types of Alternative to Increase Household Income Figure 2 demonstrates different alternatives taken by the young owners of PR1MA despite the non-affordability burden. Freelance is the most common way to increase household income and shows the highest percentage which is 70%. Other alternative such as renting out room, part-time insurance agent, and overtime stands 10% respectively. Base on the findings, the rate of affordability was affected by the monthly household income. However, based on the survey conducted, the household expenditure which has incl